Refereed Publications - Computer Games

Richard Zhao and Duane Szafron, Using Cyclic Scheduling to Generate Believable Behavior in Games, Proceedings of the Tenth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (AIIDE), Raleigh, North Carolina, October, 2014, 94-101. abstract or pdf.

Richard Zhao and Duane Szafron, Virtual Character Behavior Architecture using Cyclic Scheduling, Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (FDG 2014), Fort Lauderdale, Florida, April, 2014, 8ms. abstract or pdf.

Kevin Schenk, Adel Lari, Matthew Church, Eric Graves, Jason Duncan, Robin Miller, Neesha Desai, Richard Zhao, Duane Szafron, Mike Carbonaro and Jonathan Schaeffer, ScriptEase II: Platform Independent Story Creation Using High-Level Patterns, Proceedings of the Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (AIIDE), Boston, USA, October, 2013, 170-176. abstract or pdf.

D. Szafron, R. Gibson, and N. Sturtevant, A Parameterized Family of Equilibrium Profiles for Three-Player Kuhn Poker, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2013), St. Paul, USA, May, 2013, 247-254. abstract or pdf.

R. Gibson, N. Burch, M. Lanctot, and D. Szafron, Efficient Monte Carlo Counterfactual Regret Minimization in Games with Many Player Actions, Proceedings of Twenty-Sixth Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), Lake Tahoe, USA, December, 2012, 1889-1897. abstract or pdf.

N. Desai, D. Szafron, Enhancing the Believability of Character Behaviors Using Non-Verbal Cues, Proceedings of the Eighth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (AIIDE), Stanford, USA, October, 2012, 130-135. abstract or pdf.

J. Hawkin, R. Holte and D. Szafron, Using sliding windows to generate action abstractions in extensive-form games, Proceedings of Twenty-Sixth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI'12), Toronto, Canada, July, 2012, 1924-1930. abstract or pdf.

R. Gibson, M. Lanctot, N. Burch, D. Szafron and M. Bowling, Generalized Sampling and Variance in Counterfactual Regret Minimization, Proceedings of Twenty-Sixth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI'12), Toronto, Canada, July, 2012, 1355-1361. abstract or pdf.

R. Gibson, and D. Szafron, On Strategy Stitching in Large Extensive Form Multiplayer Games, Proceedings of Twenty-Fifth Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), Granada, Spain, December, 2011, 100-108. abstract or pdf.

Richard Zhao and Duane Szafron, Generating Believable Virtual Characters Using Behavior Capture and Hidden Markov Models, Proceedings of Advances in Computer Games 13 Conference (ACG 2011), Tillburg, Netherlands, November, 2011, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volume 7168, 342-353, 2012. abstract or abstract or pdf.

M. Church, E. Graves, J. Duncan, A. Lari, R. Miller, N. Desai, R. Zhao, M. Carbonaro, J. Schaeffer, N. Sturtevant, and D. Szafron, A Demonstration of ScriptEase II, Proceedings of the Seventh Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment Conference (AIIDE), Stanford, USA, October, 2011, 215-216. abstract or pdf.

J. Hawkin, R. Holte and D. Szafron, Automated Action Abstraction of Imperfect Information Extensive-Form Games, Proceedings of Twenty-Fifth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI'11), San Francisco, USA, August, 2011, 681-687. abstract or pdf.

N. Desai and D. Szafron, Descriptions - a viable choice for video game authors, Proceedings of the Sixth international Conference on Digital Games (FDG), Bordeau, France, June, 2011, 268-270. abstract or pdf.

Mike Carbonaro, Duane Szafron, Maria Cutumisu, and Jonathan Schaeffer, Computer-game construction: A gender-neutral attractor to Computing Science, Computers and Education 55 (3), November 2010, 1098-1111 abstract or browser version pdf (preprint).

Marcus Trenton, Duane Szafron, Joshua Friesen, and Curis Onuczko, Quest Patterns for Story-based Computer Games, Proceedings of the Sixth Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment Conference (AIIDE), Stanford, USA, October, 2010, 204-209. abstract or pdf.

A. Sharifi, R. Zhao and D. Szafron, Learning Companion Behaviors Using Reinforcement Learning in Games, Proceedings of the Sixth Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment Conference (AIIDE), Stanford, USA, October, 2010, 69-75. abstract or pdf.

N. Abou Risk and D. Szafron, Using Counterfactual Regret Minimization to Create Competitive Multiplayer Poker Agents, Ninth International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS-2010), Toronto, Canada, May, 2010, 159-166, abstract or pdf.

M. Cutumisu and D. Szafron, An Architecture for Game Behavior AI: Behavior Multi-Queues, Proceedings of the Fifth Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment Conference (AIIDE), Stanford, USA, October, 2009, 20-27. abstract or pdf.

R. Zhao and D. Szafron, Learning Character Behaviors using Agent Modeling in Games, Proceedings of the Fifth Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment Conference (AIIDE), Stanford, USA, October, 2009, 179-185. abstract or pdf.

C. Kerr and D. Szafron, Supporting Dialogue Generation for Story-Based Games, Proceedings of the Fifth Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment Conference (AIIDE), Stanford, USA, October, 2009, 154-160. abstract or pdf.

D. Schnizlein, M. Bowling, and D. Szafron, Probabilistic state translation in extensive games with large action sets, International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), Pasadena, USA, July, 2009, 278-284. abstract or pdf.

K. Waugh, D. Schnizlein, M. Bowling, and D. Szafron, Abstraction Pathologies in Extensive Games, Eighth International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS-2009), Budapest, Hungary, May, 2009, 781–788. abstract or pdf.

J. Siegel and D. Szafron, Dialogue Patterns - A Visual Language For Dynamic Dialogue, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 20 (3), June 2009, 196-220. abstract or pdf (preprint).

M. Cutumisu, D. Szafron, M. Bowling, and R. S. Sutton, Agent Learning using Action-Dependent Learning Rates in Computer Role-Playing Games, Proceedings of the Fourth Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment Conference (AIIDE-2008), Palo Alto, USA, October 2008, pp. 22-29, abstract or pdf.

M. Bowling, M. Johanson, N. Burch and D. Szafron, Strategy Evaluation in Extensive Games with Importance Sampling, Twenty-Fifth International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-2008), Helsinki, Finland, July, 2008. abstract or pdf.

Mike Carbonaro, Maria Cutumisu, Harvey Duff, Stephanie Gillis, Curtis Onuczko, Jeff Siegel, Jonathan Schaeffer, Allan Schumacher, Duane Szafron and Kevin Waugh, Interactive Story Authoring: A Viable Form of Creative Expression for the Classroom, Computers and Education 51 (2), September 2008, 687 - 707. abstract or browser version pdf (preprint).

C Onuczko, DA Szafron and J Schaeffer. "Stop Getting Side-Tracked by Side-Quests." In AI Game Programming Wisdom 4, Editor S Rabin. Charles River Media (2008): 513-528. abstract or book.

Jill Kedersha McClay, Margaret Mackey, Mike Carbonaro, Duane Szafron and Jonathan Schaeffer, Adolescents Composing Fiction in Digital Game and Written Formats: tacit, explicit and metacognitive strategies, E-Learning 4 (3), 2007, 273 - 284. abstract or browser version.

Maria Cutumisu, Curtis Onuczko, Matthew McNaughton, Thomas Roy, Jonathan Schaeffer, Allan Schumacher, Jeff Siegel, Duane Szafron, Kevin Waugh, Mike Carbonaro, Harvey Duff, Stephanie Gillis, ScriptEase: A generative/adaptive programming paradigm for game scripting , Science of Computer Programming, 67 (1), June 2007, 32-55. abstract or pdf.

M. Carbonaro, M. Cutumisu, H Duff, S. Gillis, C. Onuczko, J. Schaeffer, A. Schumacher, J. Siegel, D. Szafron, and K. Waugh, Adapting a Commercial Role-Playing Game for Educational Computer Game Production, GameOn North America, September 2006, 54-61. abstract or pdf.

Maria Cutumisu, Duane Szafron, Jonathan Schaeffer, Matthew McNaughton, Thomas Roy, Curtis Onuczko, and Mike Carbonaro, Generating Ambient Behaviors in Computer Role-Playing Games, IEEE Intelligent Systems, 21(5), Sept./Oct. 2006, 19-27. abstract or pdf. (A preliminary version of this paper appeared as: LNAI 3814, Springer-Verlag (Intetain Conference 05), 2005, 34-43).

M. Cutumisu, C. Onuczko, D. Szafron, J. Schaeffer, M. McNaughton, T. Roy, J. Siegel and M. Carbonaro, Evaluating Pattern Catalogs - The Computer Games Experience, 28th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE), May 2006, 132-141. abstract or pdf.

C. Onuczko, M. Cutumisu, D. Szafron, J. Schaeffer, M. McNaughton, T. Roy, K. Waugh, M. Carbonaro and J. Siegel, A Pattern Catalog For Computer Role Playing Games, GameOn North America, August 2005, pp. 33-38, abstract or pdf.

Mike Carbonaro, Maria Cutumisu, Matthew McNaughton, Curtis Onuczko, Thomas Roy, Jonathan Schaeffer, Duane Szafron, Stephanie Gillis and Sabrina Kratchmer, Interactive Story Writing in the Classroom: Using Computer Games, International DiGRA Conference 2005, June 2005, pp. 323-338, abstract or pdf.

Duane Szafron, Mike Carbonaro, Maria Cutumisu, Stephanie Gillis, Matthew McNaughton, Curtis Onuczko, Thomas Roy and Jonathan Schaeffer, Writing Interactive Stories in the Classroom, Interactive Multimedia Electronic Journal of Computer-Enhanced Learning (IMEJ), Volume 7, Number 1, May 2005, 13 pages, abstract or html.

M. MacNaughton, M. Cutumisu, D. Szafron, J. Schaeffer, J. Redford and D. Parker, ScriptEase: Generative Design Patterns for Computer Role-Playing Games, 19th IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE) September 2004, Linz, Austria, pp. 88-99. abstract or pdf.

Darse Billings, Aaron Davidson, Terence Schauenberg, Neil Burch, Michael Bowling, Robert Holte, Jonathan Schaeffer and Duane Szafron, Game Tree Search with Adaptation in Stochastic Imperfect Information Games, In Proceedings of Computers and Games (CG'04), 21 – 34, Ramat-Gan, Israel, Nathan Netanyahu and Jaap van den Herik (editors), Springer Verlag, July 2004, abstract or pdf.

M. McNaughton, J. Schaeffer, D. Szafron, D. Parker and J. Redford, Code Generation for AI Scripting in Computer Role-Playing Games, Challenges in Game AI Workshop at AAAI-04, San Jose, USA, July 2004, pp. 129-133, abstract or pdf.

D. Billings, N. Burch, A. Davidson, R. Holte, J. Schaeffer, T. Schauenberg, and D. Szafron, Approximating Game-Theoretic Optimal Strategies for Full-scale Poker, International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), August 2003, Acapulco Mexco (Most Distringuished Paper Award) pp. 661-675, abstract or pdf.

M. McNaughton, J. Redford, J. Schaeffer and D. Szafron, Pattern-based AI Scripting using ScriptEase, The Sixteenth Canadian Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AI 2003), Halifax, Canada, June 2003, pp. 35-49. abstract or pdf.

Darse Billings, Aaron Davidson, Jonathan Schaeffer and Duane Szafron, The challenge of poker, Artificial Intelligence 134 (1-2) (2002) pp. 201-240. abstract or pdf.

Aaron Davidson, Darse Billings, Jonathan Schaeffer, Duane Szafron, Improved Opponent Modelling in Poker, Proceedings of The 2000 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ICAI'2000), June 2000, Las Vegas, Nevada, pp 1467-1473. abstract or pdf

Jonathan Schaeffer, Darse Billings, Lourdes Peña, Duane Szafron, Learning to Play Strong Poker, Workshop on Machine Learning in Game Playing at the Sixteenth International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-99), Bled, Slovenia, June 30, 1999. abstract or pdf.

Darse Billings, Denis Papp, Lourdes Peña, Jonathan Schaeffer, Duane Szafron, Using Selective-Sampling Simulations in Poker,1999 AAAI Spring Symposium on Search Techniques for Problem Solving under Uncertainty and Incomplete Information, March 1999, Menlo Park, California, pp. 13-18. abstract or pdf.

Darse Billings, Lourdes Peña, Jonathan Schaeffer, Duane Szafron, Using Probabilistic Knowledge and Simulation to Play Poker, Proceedings of Sixteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI'99), July 1999, Orlando, Florida, pp. 697-703. abstract or pdf.

Darse Billings, Denis Papp, Jonathan Schaeffer and Duane Szafron, Poker as a Testbed for Machine Intelligence Research, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence volume 1418, Springer Verlag, Robert Mercer and Eric Neufeld (editors), (Proc. 12th Bienniel Conference of the Canadian Society for Computational Studies of Intelligence, AI'98), Vanocuver Canada, June, 1998, pp. 228-238. abstract or pdf.

Darse Billings, Denis Papp, Jonathan Schaeffer and Duane Szafron, Opponent Modeling in Poker, Proceedings of Fifteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI'98), July 1998, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 493-499. abstract or pdf.

J. Schaeffer, P. Lu, D. Szafron and R. Lake, A Re-examination of Brute-Force Search, Games: Planning and Learning, Chapel Hill, N.C., (AAAI report FS9302), 1993, pp. 51-58. abstract or pdf.

J. Schaeffer, J. Culberson, N. Treloar, B. Knight, P. Lu and D. Szafron, A World Championship Caliber Checkers Program, Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 53, No. 2-3, 1992, pp. 273-290. abstract or pdf.

J. Schaeffer, J. Culberson, N. Treloar, B. Knight, P. Lu and D. Szafron, Reviving the Game of Checkers, In Heuristic Programming in Artificial Intelligence: The Second Computer Olympiad, Ellis Horwood Publishers, London, 1991, pp. 119 - 136. abstract or pdf.