2004 CG Darse Billings, Aaron Davidson, Terence Schauenberg, Neil Burch, Michael Bowling, Robert Holte, Jonathan Schaeffer and Duane Szafron, Game Tree Search with Adaptation in Stochastic Imperfect Information Games, In Proceedings of Computers and Games (CG'04), 21 – 34, Ramat-Gan, Israel, Nathan Netanyahu and Jaap van den Herik (editors), Springer Verlag, July 2004, abstract or pdf.
Abstract:

Building a high-performance poker-playing program is a challenging project. The best program to date, PsOpti, uses game theory to solve a simplified version of the game. Although the program plays reasonably well, it is oblivious to the opponent's weaknesses and biases. Modeling the opponent to exploit predictability is critical to success at poker. This paper introduces Vexbot, a program that uses a game tree search algorithm to compute the expected value of each betting option, and does real-time opponent modeling to improve its evaluation function estimates. The result is a program that defeats PsOpti convincingly, and poses a much tougher challenge for strong human players.